How do you fit 100 billion transistors and several kilometers of conductors into a space no larger than a fingernail?

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Definitions: substrate: underlying layer, semiconductor base on which other material is deposited.  photolithographic: a process involving the photographic transfer of a pattern to a surface for etching.  resist: a resistant substance applied as a coating to protect a surface during some process.  dopant: an impurity added usually in minute amounts to a pure substance to alter its properties (as conductivity).   GlobalFoundries: an independent semiconductor foundry located in Milpitas, California. It is the 2nd largest chip foundry in the world - TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.) being the biggest.

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